Диагностичен алгоритъм при съмнение за медикаментозна свръхчувствителност в детска възраст: имунологични механизми, рискови фактори и поведение

Резюме

Медикаментозната свръхчувствителност представлява значим клиничен проблем, особено при пациенти с честа лекарствена експозиция или хронични заболявания. Основните рискови фактори за развитие на лекарствена алергия включват анамнеза за предходни алергични реакции към медикаменти, повтаряща се употреба на лекарства, генетична предразположеност и наличие на определени съпътстващи заболявания. Оценката на такива пациенти изисква систематичен подход, включващ подробна анамнеза за предишни и настоящи реакции, преглед на медицинската документация и анализ на времевата връзка между приложението на медикамента и появата на симптоми. Тази информация се комбинира със знания относно типичните алергични профили на различните класове медикаменти с цел идентифициране на вероятния причинител. In vivo и in vitro тестове могат да бъдат използвани според вида на алергичната реакция.Провокационната проба с медикаменти е „златният стандарт” при съмнение за медикаментозна алергия, особено при неубедителни резултати от кожни и лабораторни тестове. При пациенти с доказана анамнеза за тежки реакции е от особено значение идентифицирането на безопасни алтернативи чрез внимателно проведена провокация. При потвърдена лекарствена алергия терапевтичните възможности включват: прилагане на химически несвързан медикамент, внимателно приложение на сроден медикамент или провеждане на десенсибилизация с отговорния медикамент.

Ключови думи: медикаментозна свръхчувствителност, алергологична диагностика, кожно тестуване, in vitro тестове, лекарствена провокация

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Адрес за кореспонденция:

П. Костова

Клиника по педиатрия

УМБАЛ „Александровска”,

Катедра по педиатрия, МУ – София

България

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